China is an ethnically and culturally diverse
country. Its dominant cultural tradition has been heavily influenced by
Confucianism and Daoism.
The idea of Righteousness
of Confucianism dominated the Chinese business. And the farming economy was the
mainstream in the development of Chinese business.
Chinese merchants, Chinese
business and Chinese business culture originated in the central plain. It is proved that the character “商”was the name of a primitive tribe in the
south of Shangqiu（商丘） of Henan Province. Wang Hai（王亥）, the forefather of Chinese business, was
the fourth genenration of the tribe. He was the first to carry goods by
cow-cart for business in the Shang Dynasty. Thus those engaged in business were
called “商人”.
Zi Gong（自贡）, one of Confucian students, born in
Shandong, was good at business besides politics. Fan Li（范蠡）, Sage of Chinese business, was a Nanyang
native. He switched from the royal court to business. In the West Zhou there
appeared the first professional merchants in Luoyang（洛阳）。 In the Spring and Autumn and Warring
Period Shangqiu hand the first institute to collect the tariff. The first
international big city was Kaifeng （开封）in the
Song Dynasty, with a population of more than 150 million, vividly described in
the Riverside Scene at Qingmng（清明上河图）by
Zhang Zeduan.
It is generally accepted
that Chinese business went through three stages: the Qin and Han Dynasties; the
Tang and Song Dynasties and the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
However, Chinese business
hasn’t developed as the western business. One factor is that Chinese business
is typical of farming economy. Large land and rich resources surply enough to
the people. Farming civilization is a conservative, stable and peaceful life
style. The idea “ Put farming before business” restrains the development of
business. The other factor is the influence of Confucianism. The idea “Learn
and learn best and then be officials” strengthens the central government but
weakens the business. The brilliant learners refuse to enter the business.
However, there are still
some clans like the Kang Family in Gongyi（巩义）in the Qing Dynasty who created the
business myths “ having remained to be rich more than 20 generations and to be
successful more than 400 years”. The business culture in the central plain
plays an important role in the Chinese culture.
Chinese Business has some
typical ideas:
2)
Make
money with unexpected ideas. （奇谋生财）
3)
Put
farming before business. （重农轻商）
4)
Put
righteousness before profit. （重义轻利）
5)
Victory
lies in the awareness of a place, money comes from the selection of the region.
（知地取胜，择地生财）
6)
Buy in
when price is low, and sell out when price is high. （时贱而买，时贵而卖）
7)
The
beginning can predict the ending, the little can show the great. （见端知末，见微知著）
8)
More
sale at little profit. （薄利多销）
9)
Walk
on land with a mind to prepare a boat, sail in water with an intent to buy a
car.（旱则知舟，水则资车）
10) Make money by business, and keep the
business with money. （以商致财，用财守本）
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