2012年3月3日星期六

复合趋向补语的引申意义the extended meanings of compound complements of direction


《汉语教程二下•第五十七课》语法点:






 “上来,下来,出来,出去……等复合趋向补语,除了指示动作的方向外,某些趋向补语还常常有引申意义,被用来表示动作的结果。

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  Some complements of direction of Chinese verbs have extended meanings



1、Verb + 起来 → 表示动作开始并继续

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It means the act would last for a period of time

   笑起来;下起来; 打起来; 跑起来; 开展起来

如:她说得大家都笑起来了。

刚才还是晴天,突然下起雨来了。

★ 想起来 → 表示恢复记忆(call to mind or regain one’s remember)

文中:对不起,声音有点儿熟,但一下子想不起来是谁了。

如:我想起来了,这个地方我们来过。



2、Verb + 出来 → 表示通过辨认或动作使事物从无到有或由隐蔽到显露。

  通过辨认(recognition)使事物由隐蔽到显露:听出来;看出来;喝出来……

  通过动作使事物从无到有: 洗出来;画出来;写出来……



文中:老师,您听得出来我是谁吗?

  如:这道题我做出来了。

      A:这是什么茶你喝得出来吗?

      B:我喝不出来。

      我们照的照片洗出来了。



★想出来 → 表示大脑产生新的想法。(think out or think up)

如:我想出来了一个办法。

    这个方法是谁想出来的?



3、Verb + 下来 → 表示动作使事物固定或动作从过去继续到现在。

                                 ↓            ↓

                               Recorded      an act continues from

the past to the  present

    记下来;写下来;照下来;画下来;拍下来;坚持下来

如:请大家把黑板上的句子记下来。

      应该把这儿的风景照下来。←

      后来因为忙,我没有学下来。

文中:我告诉你,你把我的地址记下来。

……


舞台道具的作用

                         

舞台道具的作用

——浅析信件在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《》中的作用
在生活中,信件是一根纽带维系着分割两地的亲人。在戏剧中,信件是一个能够使矛盾激化、化解,并突出人物性格的一个重要的舞台道具。戏剧因为受时间、空间的限制,所以需要借助舞台道具来推动剧情的发展。巨著《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《玩偶之家》中,两位作者都选择“信”这个道具,但不同的是,莎士比亚将《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的信设置成该出现却没有出现,而易卜生却将它设置成了不该出现但出现的情况,从而成功地塑造了人物形象,有效地突出了文章的主题,从而展示了作者高超的写作技巧。
在莎士比亚的巨著《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中,劳伦斯神父因为想要帮助朱丽叶追寻幸福,所以和她共同计划让她演一出假死的戏,好摆脱父母强加的婚姻,并追求属于自己的爱情。可是,劳伦斯神父给罗密欧的信因为瘟疫而无法送到,从而使罗密欧听到朱丽叶死亡的消息时误以为真,买了毒药到朱丽叶的坟场里殉情,醒来的朱丽叶因受不了打击也随之自杀身亡。
罗密欧死前,他说了这么一段话:
“啊!亲爱的朱丽叶,你为什么仍然这么美丽?……我要永远陪伴着你,再也不离开这漫漫长夜的幽宫;我要留在这儿,跟你的侍婢,那些蛆虫们在一起;啊!我要在这儿永久安息下来,从我这厌倦人世的凡躯上挣脱厄运的束缚。”①
这段话中,从罗密欧对朱丽叶的赞美,还有罗密欧对她生死相随的诺言中,字字句句都表达了他对朱丽叶的爱,体现了罗密欧对爱情的执着。作者的语言描写让人潸然泪下,并让人反思到底是什么破坏了这对恩爱恋人的爱情。罗密欧与朱丽叶对彼此一见钟情,可迫于蒙太古和凯普莱特这两个世族之家的恩怨,而不能将两人的恋情公布于众。虽然世族恩怨分别牵连了各自得亲戚好友命丧黄泉,但双方家长仍不知悔改。最后罗密欧与朱丽叶这对恋人的殉情,才换来了双方的和解。作者通过信件这个舞台道具,推动了戏剧的发展,最终以主人公双双殉情而使戏剧矛盾得以解决。并通过这封信,展示了罗密欧与朱丽叶对爱情的执着,揭露出当时封建家族的盲目仇恨和封建家长的顽固思想对人文主义青年追求自由爱情的破坏。
同样通过信件来推动剧情、展示人物性格的还有易卜生的《玩偶之家》。在剧中,女主人公娜拉与丈夫海尔茂过着幸福美满的生活。几年前,娜拉因为海尔茂重病而冒充父亲签名借钱,事后娜拉一直不敢告诉丈夫,并每个月靠一些缝缝补补的零活还债。可最终因为柯洛克斯特为了自己的私欲而寄出了一封信使他了解真相,让海尔茂露出了他自私、虚伪的真实面目。
在信没来之前,海尔茂亲昵地称娜拉为“小鸟儿”、“小松鼠”、“爱乱花钱的孩子”,这些称呼让我们以为海尔茂非常爱娜拉,但在柯洛克斯特为了保住职位而将娜拉冒名签字借钱的事通过一封信去威胁海尔茂时,海尔茂骂娜拉是“坏东西”、“伪君子”、“犯罪的人”,并说:“我这场大祸都是一个下贱女人惹出来的”;②可当柯洛克斯特寄还娜拉的借条时,海尔茂又变了一个人似的,称她为“受惊的小鸟儿”、“小宝贝”。在灾难没来到之前,海尔茂一幅正直的面貌;但当他知道了娜拉所做的事时,他没有考虑娜拉这么做的目的,而是一味地想到她这么做会影响到他的声誉与地位。这前后的转变,让娜拉看清了海尔茂是个自私、虚伪的人,自己就像个木偶似的被操控着。清醒的娜拉说到:
“现在我回头想一想,这些年我在这儿简直就像个要饭的叫花子,要一口,吃一口。托伐,我靠着给你耍把戏过日子。”③
“过去我以为快活,其实不快活。”④
“首先我是一个人,跟你一样的一个人——至少我要学做一个人。”⑤
在娜拉的一生中,先是受到父亲对她娃娃般的“爱”,然后又遭受海尔茂对她玩偶般的控制。最终因为信的到来,她发现丈夫的面貌和这个幸福家庭的真正面目时,娜拉慢慢展露出自己冷静、理智又坚强的真实性格。
通过两封信的到来展现海尔茂的态度转变,使娜拉对自己的“幸福生活”及丈夫对自己的“爱”有了清醒的认识,以至最后的离家出走中,从中可以发现“信
件”推动戏剧发展的功效。通过信件使得人物的性格更好的显现,还通过作者对
娜拉这个形象的塑造,鼓励妇女打破不平等的资产阶级家庭关系,为争取独立
的人格而斗争;通过海尔茂的形象批判了当时资本主义婚姻家庭的虚伪,以及伦理道德和法律宗教的不合理,揭露了资产阶级的丑恶。
两位戏剧大师通过“信件”这个舞台道具的运用,使戏剧中的矛盾冲突得以激化、化解,有效地推动了情节的发展,很好地揭示作品的主题,并使人物的性格深刻地烙印在读者的心里,让人回味余香!

2012年3月2日星期五

The Chinese traditional story ----Po fu chen zhou



The Chinese traditional story ----Po fu chen zhou

At the end of Qin Dynasty, peasant rebellions broke out throughout China to overthrow the Qin's tyranny which plunged China into a state of anarchy.
Xiang Liang, a nobleman in the southern China , initiated a rebellion and rallied about 8,000 men to support him. His rebel force grew quickly in size, but later Xiang Liang was killed in the Battle of Ding Tao against the Qin army led by Zhang Han and the military power fell into the hands of Song Yi, an experienced but ultra-conservative general.
After the Battle of Ding Tao, Zhang Han took advantage of his victory to attack the kingdom of Zhao , surrounding the Zhao city of Ju Lu . In the winter of 208 B.C, Song Yi led the force to An Yang, some distance away from Ju Lu. He ordered the troops to lay camp there for more than a month and refused subordinates' suggestions to relieve the besieged city. Irritated by this, Xiang Yu, the nephew of Xiang Liang, took Song by surprise in a military conference and killed him. The other generals were afraid of Xiang Yu, letting him become the acting-commander.
In beginning of 207 B.C, Xiang Yu's army advanced towards Ju Lu. After crossing the Zhang river, Xiang Yu ordered his men to sink their boats and destroy all Fu ( a kind of pot used to cook food for soldiers), which on one hand showed his determination to win or die, and on the other hand greatly inspired soldiers' morale by smashing their hope of escape.
As a result, despite being heavily outnumbered, Xiang Yu's forces scored a great victory after nine engagements, defeating the 300,000 strong Qin army, and Xiang Yu's order to destroy Fu and sink boats was also remembered as a heroic legendary in Chinese history.

The Chinese traditional story ----Jingke ci qin wang

The Chinese traditional story ----Jingke ci qin wang

This is in fact a story happened in Spring and Autumn Period, a story about Jingke, a brave man and great hero at that time.

We know that Qin shi wang is a legend in that period, as the 1st emperor of Qin, he defeated the other 6 countries, unified the whole china, made standard of chinese character, and made a great process in the Chinese history. But undeniable, he's cruel, autocratic and merciless. Since he defeated many small countries and made the nobles slaves, many people hate him, including the prince Dan, the crown prince of Yan country.

At that time, Qin externimated Han country, and made Yan country his next target. Dan was afraid of being defeated, so he made up his mind find someone kill Qin wang. Then he found Jingke, a brave murderer.

Jing ke said
:“ I'm so honored to kill that cruel emperor for you. But to kill him, i should first get access to him. We must made Qin wang believe we are come for peace. I know now Fan yuqi, the former general of Qin is in our country. Qin wang want his head. If I present him head and the map of Yan, he will happily meet me, then, his life is fading.”

Jingke knew Prince Dan is kind, so he went to see Fan Yuqi himself and told him his purpose. Fan Yuqi said, "Dying for my friends and my benefactors, sacrificing myself to end the life of cruel Qin wang, I deem this as my honor!" Then he killed himself without any hesitation.With the head of Fan Yuqi and the map of Yan, the leaving date is coming. Everyone cried, being moved for Jing Ke's determination of death.

On arriving in Qin, Qin wang is very happy to see Fan yuqi's head. The map is rounded into a reel. So JingKe opened, little by little, and then, Qin wang saw the knife in the very inside of the reel! In a thurden time, Jing ke got that knife and smash to Qin wang. But before Jingke could give him a beat, the warriors come. And Jingke was killed .

2012年3月1日星期四

Sample Activities—Tongue Twister


Pronunciation and fluency are related to the physical aspect of speech. This activity intends to exercise the “speaking muscles” of your class.

Preparation for the activity:
Handouts: Practice rhyme sheet

Procedure:
Step 1: Create a list of items: words, phrase, sentences
Step 2: Pre-speaking practice
      Read the list of rhymes to review vocabulary.
Step 3: Read aloud
      Teacher leads reading rhymes aloud in class with increasing speed.
Step 4: Class memorization
      The class tries to say one rhyme from memory.
Step 5: Individual experiment
      Select individuals to perform from memory.
Step 6: Time your speech
      Ask the students to time the teacher reciting one rhyme to see how fast it can be done.
      Have students set individual speed records.

Follow-up 1: Homework
Select two or three rhymes to practice: memorize and time.

Follow-up 2: In class competition
Students select one best-practiced rhyme to perform.
Time the performance.

Analysis of the activity:
It supports review and lays ground for further learning.
It makes mechanical exercises exciting.
It connects class work with home work.
It makes assessment natural.

Xiangsheng (comic dialogue)


Naturally, Xiangsheng(comic dialogue) performers traditionally have trained skills including telling, imitation, amusing and singing. Since Xiangsheng is an art of language, and the techniques of handling language and voice are quite important. Therefore, the four basic skills seem essential to Xiangsheng performers.

Telling refers to the handling of jokes, twisters, two-part allegorical sayings and so on. It requires the performers to have an articulate pronunciation and a fluent speech. Imitation means that the performers should be good at imitating human voice and sound of other objects as well as sound effects, including various kinds of gastriloquy, dialects, hucksters' voice, arias in traditional operas, and facial expressions and folk customs of different characters, old and young, male and female. Amusing means that Xiangsheng of whatever form is supposed to amuse the audience and hopefully make them laugh. Therefore, every sketch, no matter how artistic, must contain at least one gag funny enough to make the audience roll around in laughter. Singing requires the performers to have a good voice and can sing different arias in traditional operas and popular tunes.

Telling, imitation, amusing and singing are the foundation of Xiangsheng performance, and every Xiangsheng performer should master the skills. However, in actual performances, different performers have their strong points, and feature different styles.

A Cultural Symbol - China's New Year Picture


Spring Festival, China's most celebrative occasion, begins its annual felicitations with the posting of New Year pictures on the walls and windows on the 24th of the 12th month in the lunar calendar according to tradition. The pictures convey people's jubilation and expectations of the coming new year.

However, in a century of rapid globalization, how many traditions have been lucky enough to survive? Is the New Year picture bound to disappear from people's memory?

Traditional New Year pictures mainly feature local people's life and chinese customs with intense colors and violent contrast. Famous pictures like "Fat Baby," "Abundant Harvest of All Food Crops," and "Surplus Every Year" have been prevailing across China for hundreds of years.